| Damage | Study Areas | Motion records | In-situ Test | Album | Publications | References |
1
| Title | Liquefaction performance of soils at a partially improved site in the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake |
| Author | Lee, D.H., Juang, C.H., and Ku, C.S. |
| Source | Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 1241-1253, 2001 |
| Abstract | This paper examines the liquefaction performance of a partially improved site at the Chang-Hwa Coastal Industrial Park in the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. The site is on a reclaimed land that was created by hydraulic filling. To meet the need of a planned construction, site characterization was carried out with SPTs and CPTs at 13 locations. Dynamic compaction was later performed to mitigate the potential liquefaction hazards at this site. Before the completion of ground improvement work, the site experienced a major earthquake, the Chi-Chi earthquake (Mw = 7.6). In this earthquake, evidences of liquefaction were observed in the unimproved area, but not in the improved area. After the earthquake, additional site exploration using SPT and CPT was carried out. These in situ test data, carried out before and after the quake, and in areas with and without ground improvement, are analyzed, and the results are reported. |
2
| Title | Assessing CPT-based methods for liquefaction evaluation with emphasis on the cases from the Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake |
| Author | Juang, C.H., Yuan, H., Lee, D.H., and Ku, C.S. |
| Source | International Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 241-258, 2002 |
| Abstract | In the early morning (01:47 Taiwan time) of September 21, 1999, the largest earthquake of the century in Taiwan (Mw = 7.6, ML = 7.3) struck this island country. The earthquake killed more than 2400 persons and caused a great destruction to buildings, bridges, dams, highways, and railways. One of the causes for heavy damages to the structures is soil liquefaction and ground settlement during the earthquake. In this paper, investigation of soil liquefaction and case histories of liquefaction are presented. Three CPT-based simplified methods, the Robertson method, the Olsen method, and the Juang method, are examined using the case histories derived from the Chi-Chi earthquake. The results of the comparison show that the Juang method is more accurate than the two methods in predicting liquefaction potential of soils based on the cases derived from the Chi-Chi earthquake, although all three methods are quite comparable in accuracy. |
3
| Title | CPT-based liquefaction triggering analysis with an emphasis on the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake |
| Author | Juang, C.H., Yang, H., Yuan, H., Lee, D.H., and Andrus, R.D |
| Source | Proceedings, Turkey-Taiwan NSF-TUBITAK Grantee Workshop, 2002, Turkey |
| Abstract | This paper presents part of the results obtained in an ongoing research project sponsored by the National Science Foundation. CPT data at sites with and without liquefaction evidence in the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake are collected and analyzed along with existing data from historical earthquakes. A new simplified CPT-based method is developed for liquefaction triggering analysis. The new method is shown to be superior to the existing CPT-based methods for evaluating liquefaction potential. |
4
| Title | Mapping Liquefaction and Ground Failure Potential at Yuanlin, Taiwan |
| Author | Juang, C.H. and Yuan H. |
| Source | Proceedings, US-Taiwan Workshop on Natural Disaster Reduction, Maryland, USA, pp. 17.1-17.11, July 20-21, 2002. |
| Abstract | This paper presents a new method for mapping liquefaction-induced ground failure potential. The method is validated through a case study of the ground failure potential at Yuanlin, Taiwan using seismic parameters derived from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. |
5
| Title | A simplified CPT-based method for evaluating liquefaction potential of soils |
| Author | Juang C.H., Yuan, H., Lee, D.H., and Lin, P.S. |
| Source | Accepted for publication on May 24, 2002, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE. |
| Abstract | This paper presents a new simplified method for assessing liquefaction resistance of soils based on the Cone Penetration Test (CPT). A relatively large database consisting of CPT measurements and field liquefaction performance observations in historical earthquakes is analyzed. This database is first used to train an artificial neural network for predicting the occurrence and non-occurrence of liquefaction based on soil and seismic load parameters. The successfully trained and tested neural network is then used to generate a set of artificial data points that collectively define the liquefaction boundary surface, the limit state of liquefaction triggering. An empirical equation is further obtained by regression analysis to approximate the unknown limit state function. The developed empirical equation represents a deterministic method for assessing liquefaction resistance using the CPT. Based on this newly developed deterministic method, probabilistic analyses of the cases in the database are conducted using the Bayesian mapping function approach. The results of the probabilistic analyses, expressed as a mapping function, provide a simple means for probability-based evaluation of liquefaction potential. The newly developed simplified method compares favorably to a widely used existing method. |
6
| Title | Effect of Fines Type and Content on Liquefaction Resistance of Soils |
| Author | Juang C.H., Yang, H., Yuan, H. and Andrus, R.D. |
| Source | Submitted to Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2002 |
| Abstract | This paper presents a new empirical model for determining liquefaction resistance of soils based on the Standard Penetration Test. The new empirical model is a stress-based method that follows the general approach known as the simplified procedure by Seed and Idriss (1971). The new model is developed based primarily on data derived from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake, although data from other earthquakes were also used. The emphasis of the paper is on the issue of the effect of fines type and content on liquefaction resistance. The model developed in the present study, which considers both fines type and content, is shown to be able to accurately assess the liquefaction resistance and potential of soils. The developed model is presented along with example applications. |
7
| Title | Liquefaction-Induced Ground Failure: A Study of the Chi-Chi Earthquake Cases |
| Author | Yuan, H., Juang, C.H., Yang, H. and Andrus, R.D. |
| Source | Submitted to Engineering Geology; Special Issues on Geological and Geotechnical Issues in the Chi-Chi Earthquake, 2002 |
| Abstract |
The 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake caused a great destruction to buildings, bridges, and other facilities, and a dead toll of more than 2400. Lessons should be learned from this event, which, albeit disastrous, represents a rare full-scale experimentation in geotechnical engineering and related fields. Of particular interest to geotechnical engineers is the phenomena of soil liquefaction that caused heavy damages to buildings, lifelines and harbor facilities. These liquefaction phenomena, in the forms of sand boils, lateral spreads, tilting and settlement of buildings, and ground settlement, were observed in the Chi-Chi event, particularly in the Yuanlin area. Shortly after the earthquake, an extensive field investigation in the Yuanlin area, including in situ tests and laboratory tests, was conducted by Moh and Associates, Inc. and other parties. These in situ and laboratory tests along with ground performance observations form the basis for the study of ground failure presented in this paper. In this paper, 24 cases of ground performance in the areas that suffered the most from liquefaction are documented. The ground performance in each of the 24 cases is accounted for through a series of liquefaction analyses. The analysis of the potential of liquefaction and ground failure is performed using cone penetration test data. The results of the analyses show that the field observations of ground performance in the Yuanlin area in the Chi-Chi event can be satisfactorily accounted for. |
8
| Title | A simplified method for assessing liquefaction-induced ground failure potential using CPT |
| Author | Juang C.H., Yuan, H., and Yang H. |
| Source | Submitted to Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 2002 |
| Abstract | This paper presents both deterministic and probabilistic models for predicting liquefaction-induced ground failure potential using cone penetration tests. Whereas the procedure to analyze liquefaction triggering (i.e., to determine whether liquefaction of a soil will occur in a future seismic event) is quite well established, the issue of ground failure potential induced in liquefaction has not been resolved to the same degree of satisfaction. In this paper, 204 cases of ground performance in various seismic events are compiled and used to establish empirical models for assessing liquefaction-induced ground failure potential. The developed model is validated in two ways. First, the model is validated with 28 additional cases with CPT soundings from the 1999 Kocalie, Turkey earthquake. Second, 74 CPT soundings in the town of Yuanlin, Taiwan are used to construct a contour map of ground failure potential using the developed model; the map is then checked with the locations of observed liquefaction sites in the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Satisfactory results are obtained in these validations, which suggests that the developed models may be used for assessing liquefaction-induced ground failure potential. |
9
| Title | CPT-based liquefaction evaluation using artificial neural networks |
| Author | Juang, C.H. and Chen, C.J. |
| Source | Journal of Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Vol. 14, pp. 221-229, 1999 |
10
| Title | Appraising CPT-based liquefaction resistance evaluation methods – artificial neural network approach |
| Author | Juang, C.H., Chen, C.J., and Tien, Y.M. |
| Source | Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 443-454, 1999 |
11
| Title | Reliability-based method for assessing liquefaction potential of sandy soils |
| Author | Juang, C.H., Rosowsky, D.V., and Tang, W.H. |
| Source | Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 125, No. 8, pp. 684-689, 1999 |
12
| Title | CPT-based liquefaction analysis, Part I: Determination of limit state function |
| Author | Juang, C.H., Chen, C.J., Tang, W.H., and Rosowsky, D.V. |
| Source | Géotechnique, The Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 583-592, 2000 (Winning paper for the 2001 Hsieh Award presented by the Institution of Civil Engineers, UK) |
13
| Title | CPT-based liquefaction analysis, Part II: Reliability for design |
| Author | Juang, C.H., Chen, C.J., Rosowsky, D.V., and Tang, W.H. |
| Source | Géotechnique, The Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 593-599, 2000 (Winning paper for the 2001 Hsieh Award presented by the Institution of Civil Engineers, UK) |
14
| Title | Risk-based liquefaction potential evaluation using SPT |
| Author | Juang, C.H., Chen, C.J., Jiang, T., and Andrus, R.D. |
| Source | Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 1195-1208, 2000 |
15
| Title | A rational method for development of limit state for liquefaction evaluation based on shear wave velocity data |
| Author | Juang, C.H. and Chen, C.J. |
| Source | Int. Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 24, pp. 1-27, 2000 |
16
| Title | Calibration of SPT- and CPT-based liquefaction evaluation methods |
| Author | Chen, C. J. and Juang, C.H. |
| Source | Innovations and Applications in Geotechnical Site Characterization, Geotechnical Special Publication, No. 97, ASCE, Reston, VA., P. Mayne and R. Hryciw, eds., pp. 49-64, 2000 |
17
| Title | Assessing probabilistic methods for liquefaction potential evaluation |
| Author | Juang, C.H., and Jiang, T. |
| Source | Soil Dynamics and Liquefaction 2000, Geotechnical Special Publication, No. 107, ASCE, Reston, VA., R. Pak and J. Yamamura, eds., pp. 148-162, 2000 |
18
| Title | Probabilistic framework for liquefaction potential by shear wave velocity |
| Author | Juang, C.H., Chen, C.J., and Jiang, T. |
| Source | Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 8, pp. 670-678, 2001 |
19
| Title | Assessing probabilistic methods for liquefaction potential evaluation |
| Author | Juang, C.H., Jiang, T., and Andrus, R.D. (2002a) |
| Source | Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 128, No.7, pp. 580-589, 2002 |
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