Peer Reviewed Journal Articles

2025

  1. Barbieri, D. F., Srinivasan, D., Ulrich, J., Ranganathan, S., Chang, C., Gerac, J. A., & Cha, J. S. (2025). Systems-based framework for clinical decision-support system integration for patient sepsis management: A theoretical application of the SEIPS model. Human Factors in Healthcare, 7, 100098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfh.2025.100098
  2. Kia, K., Park, J., Chan, A., Srinivasan, D., & Kim, J. H. (2025). Vertical-dominant and multi-axial vibration associated with heavy vehicle operation: Effects on dynamic postural control. Applied Ergonomics, 122, 104402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104402
  3. Ransing, V., Park, J., Ye, Y., Park, H., Kim, S., Du, J., & Srinivasan, D. (2025). Efficacy of Virtual Reality-Based Approach for Users to Understand the Potential Benefits and Limitations of Using Exoskeletons. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251346627
  4. Scheer, E. R., Atweh, J. A., Arora, J., Thompson, E., Petty, L., Huh, R., Murray, J., Sellers, E., Srinivasan, D., & Valdez, R. S. (2025). Designing and implementing exoskeleton devices for nurses with acute and chronic pain. Applied Ergonomics, 129, 104596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104596
  5. Subasinghe, D., Aviles, J., Shayan, A. M., & Srinivasan, D. (2025). Short-Term Adaptations to Lifting and Gait Kinematics When Using a Passive Back-Support Exoskeleton. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-025-03770-7
  6. Ulman, S., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2025). Gait variability predicts post-fatigue obstacle course performance among military cadets: An exploratory study. Applied Ergonomics, 126, 104504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104504

2024

  1. Raghuraman, R. N., Barbieri, D. F., Aviles, J., & Srinivasan, D. (2024). Age and gender differences in the perception and use of soft vs. rigid exoskeletons for manual material handling. Ergonomics, 67(11), 1453–1470. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2024.2338268
  2. Gonzales, A., Barbieri, D. F., Carbonell, A. M., Joseph, A., Srinivasan, D., & Cha, J. (2024). The compatibility of exoskeletons in perioperative environments and workflows: an analysis of surgical team members’ perspectives and workflow simulation. Ergonomics, 67(5), 674–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2023.2240045
  3. Kim, S., Ojelade, A., Moore, A., Gutierrez, N., Harris-Adamson, C., Barr, A., Srinivasan, D., Rempel, D. M., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2024). Understanding contributing factors to exoskeleton use-intention in construction: a decision tree approach using results from an online survey. Ergonomics, 67(9), 1208–1221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2023.2289859
  4. Park, J., Ye, Y., Du, J., & Srinivasan, D. (2024). Virtual Reality Simulation of Exoskeleton-Assistance for Manual Material Handling. IEEE Access, 12, 105470–105480. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3434721
  5. Park, J.-H., Madigan, M. L., Kim, S., Nussbaum, M. A., & Srinivasan, D. (2024). Wearing a back-support exoskeleton alters lower-limb joint kinetics during single-step recovery following a forward loss of balance. Journal of Biomechanics, 166, 112069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112069
  6. Beiter, B., Srinivasan, D., & Leonessa, A. (2024). Shared autonomy and positive power control for powered exoskeletons. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 171, 104555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2023.104555
  7. Raghuraman, R. N., & Srinivasan, D. (2024). The effects of soft vs. rigid back-support exoskeletons on trunk dynamic stability and trunk-pelvis coordination in young and old adults during repetitive lifting. Journal of Biomechanics, 176, 112348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112348
  8. Scheer, E. R., Atweh, J. A., Arora, J., Thompson, E., Murray, J., Sellers, E., Srinivasan, D., & Valdez, R. S. (2024). Exploring the Social Contexts of Exoskeleton Design and Implementation in Long-Term Care: A Study of Nurses and Nurse Managers with Musculoskeletal Disorders. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 68(1), 535–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/10711813241275507
  9. Raveendranath, B., Pagano, C. C., & Srinivasan, D. (2024). Effects of arm-support exoskeletons on pointing accuracy and movement. Human Movement Science, 95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2024.103198
  10. Upasani, S., Srinivasan, D., Zhu, Q., Du, J., & Leonessa, A. (2024). Eye-Tracking in Physical Human–Robot Interaction: Mental Workload and Performance Prediction. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 66(8), 2104–2119. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231204704
  11. Wilkenfeld, J. N., Dunbar, N. E., Fang, C., & Srinivasan, D. (2024). Power and Synchrony in Human Collaboration with Exoskeletons. In The De Gruyter Handbook of Robots in Society and Culture (pp. 467–488). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110792270- 025

2023

  1. Park, H., Kim, S., Nussbaum, M. A., & Srinivasan, D. (2023). A pilot study investigating motor adaptations when learning to walk with a whole-body powered exoskeleton. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 69, 102755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102755
  2. Upasani, S., & Srinivasan, D. (2023). Gaze Behavior and Mental Workload While Using a Whole-Body Powered Exoskeleton: A Pilot Study. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 67(1), 980–981. https://doi.org/10.1177/21695067231192201
  3. Raghuraman, R. N., Upasani, S., Gonzales, A., Aviles, J., Cha, J., & Srinivasan, D. (2023). Manufacturing Industry Stakeholder Perspectives on Occupational Exoskeletons: Changes after a Brief Exposure to Exoskeletons. IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, 11(3–4), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/24725838.2023.2262480
  4. Ransing, V., Park, J.-H., Ye, Y., Kim, S., Jing Du, E., & Srinivasan, D. (2023). How does perceived usefulness of an exoskeleton change with virtual reality training? Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 67(1), 797–798. https://doi.org/10.1177/21695067231192544
  5. Wilkenfeld, J. N., Kim, S., Upasani, S., Kirkwood, G. L., Dunbar, N. E., & Srinivasan, D. (2023). Sensemaking, adaptation and agency in human-exoskeleton synchrony. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1207052
  6. Raghuraman, R. N., Barbieri, D., Aviles, J., & Srinivasan, D. (2023). Comparison of soft vs. rigid back support exoskeletons through psychophysical and biomechanical approaches during load handling. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 67(1), 788–789. https://doi.org/10.1177/21695067231192532
  7. Hollister, M. A., Hsing, H.-W., Luo, J., Lau, N., & Srinivasan, D. (2023). Comparison of Augmented Reality Rearview And Radar Head-Up Displays for Increasing Situation Awareness During Exoskeleton Operation. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 67(1), 1537–1540. https://doi.org/10.1177/21695067231192268
  8. Ojelade, A., Morris, W., Kim, S., Kelson, D., Srinivasan, D., Smets, M., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2023). Three passive arm-support exoskeletons have inconsistent effects on muscle activity, posture, and perceived exertion during diverse simulated pseudo-static overhead nutrunning tasks. Applied Ergonomics, 110, 104015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104015
  9. Kazemi, Z., Park, J.-H., & Srinivasan, D. (2023). Differences in kinematics and resulting lumbar spinal forces during repetitive lifting tasks: Simulation versus estimation of the effects of wearing a back-support exoskeleton. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 67(1), 842–844. https://doi.org/10.1177/21695067231192525
  10. Kia, K., Park, J., Chan, A., Srinivasan, D., & Kim, J. (2023). Effects of Vertical-Axial Dominant and Multi-Axial Vibration on Postural Stability. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 67(1), 822–823. https://doi.org/10.1177/21695067231192439
  11. Kim, S., Moore, A., Ojelade, A., Gutierrez, N., Harris-Adamson, C., Barr, A., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2023). A data-driven approach to understand factors contributing to exoskeleton use-intention in construction. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 67(1), 801–802. https://doi.org/10.1177/21695067231192932

2022

  1. Lee, Y., Srinivasan, D., Rawlings, C., & Madigan, M. L. (2022). Fall impacts from standing show equivalence between experts in stage combat landing strategy and naïve participants after training. Work, 73(3), 907–913. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-205236
  2. Park, J.-H., Lee, Y., Madigan, M. L., Kim, S., Nussbaum, M. A., & Srinivasan, D. (2022). Wearing a back-support exoskeleton impairs single-step balance recovery performance following a forward loss of balance – An exploratory study. Journal of Biomechanics,144, 111352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111352
  3. Madinei, S., Kim, S., Park, J.-H., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2022). A novel approach to quantify the assistive torque profiles generated by passive back-support exoskeletons. Journal of Biomechanics, 145, 111363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111363
  4. Morris, W., Kim, S., Ojelade, A., Srinivasan, D., Smets, M., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2022). Subjective Assessments of Arm-Support Exoskeletons During Simulated Static and Dynamic Overhead Tasks. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 66(1), 266–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661227
  5. Narasimhan Raghuraman, R., Gupta, G., Upasani, S., Aviles, J., Cha, J., & Srinivasan, D. (2022). Manufacturing Industry Stakeholder Perspectives on Occupational Exoskeletons: Changes Before and After Exposure to Exoskeletons. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 66(1), 1915–1916. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661269
  6. Ulman, S., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2022). Task demand and load carriage experience affect gait variability among military cadets. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 18347. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22881-y
  7. Upasani, S., Zhu, Q., Herron, C., Kim, S., Du, E., Leonessa, A., & Srinivasan, D. (2022). Use of Eye-Tracking to Detect Variations in Mental Workload While Learning to Operate a Physically Coupled Robot. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 66(1), 2254–2255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661543
  8. Ye, Y., Shi, Y., Srinivasan, D., & Du, J. (2022). Sensation transfer for immersive exoskeleton motor training: Implications of haptics and viewpoints. Automation in Construction, 141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104411
  9. Park, H., Kim, S., Nussbaum, M. A., & Srinivasan, D. (2022). Effects of using a whole-body powered exoskeleton during simulated occupational load-handling tasks: A pilot study. Applied Ergonomics, 98, 103589
  10. Park, JH., Lee, Y., Madinei, S., Kim, S., Nussbaum, M. A., & Srinivasan, D. (2022). Effects of Back-Support Exoskeleton Use on Lower Limb Joint Kinematics and Kinetics During Level Walking. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 1-14
  11. Madinei, S., Kim, S., Park, JH., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2022). A novel approach to quantify the assistive torque profiles generated by passive back-support exoskeletons. Available at SSRN 4061000
  12. Park, JH., Kim, S., Nussbaum, M. A., & Srinivasan, D. (2022). Effects of back-support exoskeleton use on gait performance and stability during level walking. Gait & Posture 92, 181-190
  13. Mehta R., Moats J., Karthikeyan R., Gabbard J.L., Srinivasan D., Du E.J., Leonessa A., Burks G., Stephenson A., Fernandes R. (2022). Human-Centered Intelligent Trainings for Emergency Responders. AI Magazine, 43 (1), 83-92

2021

  1. Madinei, S., Kim, S., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2021). Effects of back-support exoskeleton use on trunk neuromuscular control during repetitive lifting: A dynamical systems analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, 123, 110501.
  2. Kim S., Srinivasan D., Nussbaum M.A. & Leonessa A. (2021). Human gait during level walking with an occupational whole-body powered exoskeleton: not yet a walk in the park. IEEE Access 9 47901-47911.
  3. Park, J. H., Kim, S., Nussbaum, M. A., & Srinivasan, D. (2021). Effects of two passive back-support exoskeletons on postural balance during quiet stance and functional limits of stability. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 57, 102516.
  4. Park, J. H., & Srinivasan, D. (2021). The effects of prolonged sitting, standing, and an alternating sit-stand pattern on trunk mechanical stiffness, trunk muscle activation and low back discomfort. Ergonomics, 64(8), 983–994.
  5. Park, J. H., Kia, K., Srinivasan, D., & Kim, J. H. (2021). Postural balance effects from exposure to multi-axial whole-body vibration in mining vehicle operation. Applied Ergonomics, 91, 103307.
  6. Barbieri, D., Brusaca, L. A., Mathiassen, S. E., Srinivasan, D., & Oliveira, A. B. (2021). Effects on variation in shoulder, forearm and low back muscle activity from combining seated computer work with other productive office tasks: Results from a simulation study. Ergonomics, 1-13

2020

  1. Strong A., Srinivasan D., and Häger C. (2020). Development of supine and standing knee joint position sense tests. Physical Therapy in Sport 49:112-121.
  2. Madinei S.S., Alemi MM., Kim, S., Srinivasan D., and Nussbaum M.A. (2020). Biomechanical assessment of two back-support exoskeletons in symmetric and asymmetric repetitive lifting with moderate postural demands. Applied Ergonomics 88, 103156.
  3. Thamsuwan, O., Milosavljevic, S., Srinivasan, D., & Trask, C. (2020). Potential exoskeleton uses for reducing low back muscular activity during farm tasks. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 63(11), 1017-1028.
  4. Cantin-Garside, K. D., Srinivasan, D., Ranganathan, S., White, S. W., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2020). Multi-level modeling with nonlinear movement metrics to classify self-injurious behaviors in autism spectrum disorder. Scientific reports, 10(1), 16699.
  5. Alemi, M. M., Madinei, S., Kim, S., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2020). Effects of two passive back-support exoskeletons on muscle activity, energy expenditure, and subjective assessments during repetitive lifting. Human factors, 62(3), 458-474.
  6. Madinei, S., Alemi, M. M., Kim, S., Srinivasan, D., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2020). Biomechanical evaluation of passive back-support exoskeletons in a precision manual assembly task: “expected” effects on trunk muscle activity, perceived exertion, and task performance. Human factors, 62(3), 441-457.
  7. Jackson, J. A., Srinivasan, D., & Mathiassen, S. E. (2020). Consistent individual motor variability traits demonstrated by females performing a long-cycle assembly task under conditions differing in temporal organisation. Applied ergonomics, 85, 103046.

2019

  1. Strong A., Tengman E., Srinivasan D. & Hager C. (2019). One-leg rise performance and associated knee kinematics in ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed persons 23 years post-injury. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 20(1) : 476.
  2. Kelson D., Mathiassen S.E. and Srinivasan D. (2019). Trapezius muscle activity variation during computer work performed by individuals with and without neck-shoulder pain. Applied Ergonomics, 81:102908 DOI: /10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102908.
  3. Ulman, S., Ranganathan, S., Queen, R. & Srinivasan D. (2019). Using Gait Variability to Predict Inter-individual Differences in Learning Rate of a Novel Obstacle Course. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 47(5), 1191–1202.
  4. Huysmans M.A., Srinivasan D., & Mathiassen S.E. (2019). Consistency of sedentary behavior patterns among office workers with long-term access to sit-stand workstations. Annals of Work Exposure and Health, 63(5), 583–591.
  5. Upasani S., Franco R., Niewolny K. & Srinivasan D. (2019) The Potential For Exoskeletons to Improve Health and Safety in Agriculture – Perspectives From Service Providers, IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2019.1575930
  6. Kim S., Moore A., Srinivasan D., … & Nussbaum M.A. (2019) Potential of Exoskeleton Technologies to Enhance Safety, Health, and Performance in Construction: Industry Perspectives and Future Research Directions, IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2018.1561557
  7. Barbieri D.F., Srinivasan D., Mathiassen S.E., Oliveira A.B. (2019). Variation in upper extremity, neck and trunk postures when performing computer work at a sit-stand station. Applied Ergonomics, 75, 120-128 .

2018

  1. Hughes-Oliver, C. N., Srinivasan, D., Schmitt, D., & Queen, R. M. (2018). Gender and Limb Differences in Temporal Gait Parameters and Gait Variability in Ankle Osteoarthritis. Gait & Posture, 65, 228-233 .
  2. Duan, X., Rhee, J., Mehta, R., & Srinivasan, D. (2018). Neuromuscular control and performance differences associated with gender and obesity in fatiguing tasks performed by older adults. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 800.
  3. Yang, C., Bouffard, J., Srinivasan, D., Ghayourmanesh, S., Cantú, H., Begon, M., & Côté, J. N. (2018). Changes in movement variability and task performance during a fatiguing repetitive pointing task. Journal of Biomechanics, 76, 212-219.
  4. Srinivasan, D., Tengman, E., & Häger, C. K. (2018). Increased movement variability in one-leg hops about 20 years after treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Clinical Biomechanics, 53, 37-45.

2017

  1. Weber, Z. R., Srinivasan, D., & Côté, J. N. (2017). Sex-Specific Links in Motor and Sensory Adaptations to Repetitive Motion-Induced Fatigue. Motor Control, 22 (2), 149-169.
  2. Luger, T., Mathiassen, S.E., Srinivasan, D. and Bosch, T. (2017). Influence of Work Pace on Upper Extremity Kinematics and Muscle Activity in a Short-Cycle Repetitive Pick-and-Place Task. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 61(3), 356-368.
  3. Rudolfsson, T., Björklund, M., Svedmark, Å., Srinivasan, D. and Djupsjöbacka, M. (2017). Direction-Specific Impairments in Cervical Range of Motion in Women with Chronic Neck Pain: Influence of Head Posture and Gravitationally Induced Torque. PloS one, 12(1), e0170274.
  4. Sandlund, J., Srinivasan, D., Heiden, M. and Mathiassen, S. E. (2017). Differences in motor variability among individuals performing a standardized short-cycle manual task, Human Movement Science, 51, 17-26.

2016

  1. Barbieri, D. F., Srinivasan, D., Mathiassen, S. E., & Oliveira, A. B. (2016). Comparison of sedentary behaviors in office workers using sit-stand tables with and without semi-automated position changes. Human Factors: 59 (5): 782–795
  2. Srinivasan, D., Sinden, K.E., Mathiassen, S.E. and Côté, J.N. (2016). Gender differences in fatigability and muscle activity responses to a short-cycle repetitive task, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(11-12), 2357-2365.
  3. Samani, A., Srinivasan, D., Mathiassen, S.E. and Madeleine, P. (2016). Variability in spatio-temporal pattern of trapezius activity and coordination of hand-arm muscles during a sustained repetitive dynamic task, Experimental Brain Research, 235(2), 389-400.
  4. Commissaris, D. A., Huysmans, M. A., Mathiassen, S. E., Srinivasan, D., Koppes, L. L., & Hendriksen, I. J. (2016). Interventions to reduce sedentary behavior and increase physical activity during productive work: a systematic review. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 42(3), 181-191.

2015

  1. Srinivasan D., Rudolfsson T., and Mathiassen S.E. (2015). Between- and within-subject variance of motor variability metrics in females performing repetitive upper-extremity precision work. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 25 (1), 121-129.
  2. Srinivasan D., Samani A., Mathiassen S.E. and Madeleine P.M. (2015). The size and structure of arm movement variability decreased with work pace in a standardized repetitive precision task. Ergonomics 58(1), 128-139.
  3. Samani A., Srinivasan D., Mathiassen S.E. and Madeleine P.M. (2015). Nonlinear metrics assessing motor variability in a standardized pipetting task: Between- and within-subject variance components. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 25(3), 557-564.
  4. Srinivasan D., Mathiassen S.E., Samani A. and Madeleine P.M. (2015). The combined influence of task accuracy and pace on motor variability in a standardized repetitive precision task. Ergonomics, 58(8):1388-97.
  5. Barbieri D., Srinivasan D., Mathiassen S.E., Noguiera H. and Oliveira A.B. (2015). The ability of non-computer tasks to increase biomechanical exposure variability in computer-intensive office work. Ergonomics 58 (1), 50-64.
  6. Srinivasan, D., Mathiassen, S. E., Samani, A., & Madeleine, P. (2015). Effects of concurrent physical and cognitive demands on arm movement kinematics in a repetitive upper-extremity precision task. Human Movement Science, 42, 89-99.
  7. Srinivasan D., Mathiassen S.E., Hallman D., Samani A., Madeleine P. and Lyskov E. (2015). Effects of concurrent physical and cognitive demands on muscle activity and heart rate variability in a repetitive upper-extremity precision task. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 116(1):227-39.

2014

  1. Hallman D., Srinivasan D. and Mathiassen S.E. (2014). Short and long-term reliability of heart rate variability indices during repetitive low-force work. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 115(4), 803-812.

2013

  1. Srinivasan D., Martin B. J. and Reed M. P. (2013). Effects of task characteristics on unimanual and bimanual movement times. Ergonomics. 56(4): 612-622.

2012

  1. Srinivasan D. and Mathiassen S. E. (2012). Motor variability in occupational health and performance. Clinical Biomechanics. 27(10): 979-993.
  2. Srinivasan D. and Martin B. J. (2012). Does the Central Nervous System learn to plan bimanual movements based on its expectation of availability of visual feedback? Human Movement Science. 31(6):1409-24.
  3. Srinivasan D. and Mathiassen S. E. (2012). Motor variability – an important issue in occupational life. Work-a Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation. 41: 2527-2534.

2010

  1. Srinivasan D. and Martin B. J. (2010). Eye-hand coordination of symmetric bimanual reaching tasks: temporal aspects. Experimental Brain Research. 203(2): 391-405.
  2. Patangay A., Thakur P.H., Srinivasan D., and Swanson L. (2010). S3 Amplitude Measured Using a Modified Implanted CRT-D Device Is Correlated to Left Atrial Pressure during Acute Pulmonary Edema Induction in Canines. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 16(8).

2009

  1. Srinivasan D. and Martin B. J. (2008). Scheduling of Hand Movements in Bimanual Tasks. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Electronic and Electrical Systems. 1(1): 612-620.